Technology Changes in 1850-1900s

The American economy has boosted, in such a way where positive and negative impacts can reflect on how the society is handled and seen as. New political ideas and inventions come to place, and our economy starts to shift and handle bigger changes. As a result, America used and developed new customs to help progress and grow to our necessities. One of the greatest impacts of technological inventions was the railroad. Railroads were the nation’s first â€Å"big business† and was a source of rapid transportation. Resources needed to build the nationwide network of railroads led to growth in other industries, for example, the coal and steel network.By making the technological changes, it increased and branched off into new jobs and products. For example, the railroads allowed farmers to sell their crops to a larger market, yet the railroads were more powerful than individual farmers or farm collectives. They were able to charge the farmers large fees, expenses that farmers barely had enough to cover, in order to transport their goods throughout the expansive country. Much of the technology was either expensive and/or needed large spaces to work effectively and sufficiently. Similar essay: Was the West a Land of Opportunity or Oppression?In order to promote western expansion, the federal government provided railroad companies with huge subsidies in the form of loans and land grants. Around 80 companies received over 170 million acres of public land and the railroad companies received more than three times the land given away by the Homestead Act. This was when they were offering 160 acres of land free to any citizen who was head of the household. This expanded land ownership and attracted foreigners to settle in these areas. Another huge invention which impacted the lives of people communicating across the country.This invention was called the Telegraph, created by Samuel Morse in 1844. By 1900 telegraph lines linked all continents in a global network of cables. This helped the communication travel around and when wars struck, they were able to stay in contact. The invention of the telegraph branched off to a new invention of the telephone, invented by A lexander Graham Bell in 1876. It opened the way for a worldwide communications network. The economic ideas of Laissez-faire capitalism and Social Darwinism, contributed to the rapid industrialization of the late 1800’s.Economists found in Social Darwinism, a way to justify the doctrine of laissez faire. Laissez-faire capitalism argued that business should not be regulated by the government and that they should be regulated by supply and demand. They would also offer goods at low prices and out of their self-interest. In the 1880’s trusts and monopolies started to undercut the natural regulation of the market. The second economic idea of Social Darwinism was based on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. This theory of natural selection and survival applied to the standards of the business world.

Introduction to Equality and Inclusion in Health and Social Care

Diversity is the differences in values, attitudes, cultures, beliefs, skills and life experiences of an individual in any group of people. In the UK, frameworks emphasise that the importance of developing every child’s sense of individuality and encouraging an optimistic sense of pride in each child’s family origins. Children can develop a sense of belonging to the local community and begin to appreciate and respect less familiar cultures.Equalityâ€Å"Equality does not mean that everyone has to be treated the same.† Meggitt (2011, p.32) I agree with the above quote because it is telling you that just because most things in life are equal, it does not mean that everyone has to be treated the same. Everyone is their own individual self, having different needs, situations and ambitions. No child is equal and the same, everyone is different from one another. However, the aims of the practitioners are to have a part in the child’s life to support children to l ive in the way they value and choose, to be themselves but to be different if they wish to be. Every person in the world should have equality of opportunities.InclusionInclusion is all about making sure that equality of opportunity for all children and young people whatever their disabilities or disadvantages. This means that all children have the right to have their needs met in the best possible way for them. They are seen as being a part of the community even if they need particular help to live their full life within the community.DiscriminationDiscrimination is where people are treated in a less-favourable way because others have negative views on the characteristics of a person. Children may discriminate against others because of how different some people can be compared to themselves. This action takes form of being name-calling and teasing. It could be something as simple as someone being a little skinnier  than another child or if there is so many children with brown hair and there is just the one ginger. It could also be something as simple as the difference in clothing. 1.2 – Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work setting.There is always discrimination going on, deliberate or not, it is always happening. Children and practitioners get labelled and stereotyped all the time. Sometimes labels are given to children such as the â€Å"spoilt child† or the â€Å"attention seeker†. Some children are liked more than others because they might have a calmer attitude rather than the child that might be known as â€Å"mardy† because they are always moaning and crying etc. Children realise that things change and they realise differences in other people and make comments.There is a quite a few different ways in which discriminating may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work setting. There is racism and racial discrimination which is the belief that some races are superior to others which is based on the idea that different characteristics such as skin colour or background children have make some people better than others. It is deliberately discriminating if a child is refused from the nursery place just because they are black.It is failing to address the needs of children from a minority religious or cultural group. It is also racist discrimination when travellers are failed a place in a nursery just because they do not celebrate festivals from the mainstream culture such as Easter and Christmas. There is also sexism and sex discrimination always going on. It may not be deliberate to discriminate the sex of somebody but it does happen.This occurs when people of one gender support the stereotype that they are greater to the other. This happens when boys are always offered to do activities such as football and physical sports that are rough. Whereas the girls are stereotyped to perform the more traditional ‘female’ tasks; such as washing, co oking, pushing the pushchairs and playing with the dolls. Another discriminating offence that can be deliberately made in placement is ageism and age discrimination.Negative feelings are expressed towards other people because of their age. It is usually in the western society the older people whereas young people are often excluded because they are thought to be too young to be able to participate in things. A good example is that people are not permitted to vote until the age of 18. Another act of discrimination is disablism and disability.Disabled people are seen as the  disability that they have, they are not seen as an individual with special needs. Children and young people that have disabilities or impairment are sometimes deprived of the equality of opportunity with their non-disabled class peers. For example; failing to provide the appropriate facilities and services in organising activities in a way that ignores the physical, emotional and intellectual needs of a certain child. There are many other stereotypes that can be leaded to discrimination deliberately and inadvertently such as concerning gay and lesbian groups in the work setting and also the people from low income groups and those who practise the minority religion.Explain how promoting equality and inclusion reduces the likelihood of discriminationWhen promoting equality and inclusion such as in books and displays in and around the work setting there should be positive images of children and young people that may have disabilities, or are from different cultures, gender roles.Doing the above does reduce the likelihood of discrimination very much because children grow up to understand as to why people are different. If a nursery did not do anything or promote anything about equality and inclusion then children would not know anything about disabled people or about different cultures so then if they saw someone different they may make a comment on the person and hurt that persons feelings wh ere as if they grew up to know that not everyone is the same and some people may need more help than others in things it would increase the amount of discrimination made and people would understand and accept that people are different but still a human being and was brought into the world the same way they was.When in the work setting if positive images are put across about people such as black people, a female women and a disabled person can take on the responsibility of active roles in society whereas a man can take on the caring and domestic roles then this helps children to develop the strong prospects about their life and their future. Making them then think about what they might want to achieve in their life.They will have optimistic ideas about the positions of effects and responsibility they will take on in the society whatever their ethnic, gender, cultural or social background or disability. 2.1 – Identify which legislation and codes of practice relating to equality , diversity and discrimination apply to own role. There are various pieces of legislation in place to promote equality and reduce discrimination.These  include:†¢ The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 †¢ The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 †¢ The Race Relations Act Amendment 2000 †¢ Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989) †¢ The Human Rights Act 1998 †¢ The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 †¢ Employment Equality Regulations 2003Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that encourages change.If you see children discriminating against somebody else then you would challenge them about why they have done it and you would make them apologise. You then would explain to them as to why they are wrong and aware them as to why it is inappropriate. You should at all times refuse to laugh at jokes that are based on stereotypes.As a role model you should talk positively and handle a situation such as dealing with discrimination and bullying appropriately. You should listen to their views and opinions on things and then try and help change their views on things. Books, nursery rhymes, cultural activities can change how people see things. If the child is to say something that is not right you would immediately point it out and give the correct information.You would help the child learn from the situation, to see the consequences of their actions and help them to understand why their behaviour was cruel and inappropriate. Remember not to leave the child feeling upset or thinking that you dislike them because of the situation that has happened. Let them know that you do not tolerate the behaviour they have shown and the way they have made somebody else feel because of their actions but explain to them that it does not make you dislike them anymore than how you felt about them before.You would then support the child that has be in the object of discrimination reassuring them and supporting them to maintain the ir self-esteem. You can change children’s points and opinions on things by showing them things such as books and stories on people that are different and show the child why they are that way and as to why it hurts. You explain to them that the things they say can hurt other people’s feelings and explain to them and try and make them understand that they wouldn’t like it was them in the other person’s point of perspective.Identify a range of sources of  information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusionsThere are many sources of information that you can use for advice on equality, diversity and inclusion.There are:Managers and senior staff within each setting. You can get help from the settings policies and procedures on diversity, equality and inclusion.The internetContact outreach agencies, The NSPCC, Child line and local servicesDescribe how and when to access information advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusionT here are plenty of different methods of finding information on, diversity, equality, and inclusions. You can get access to websites, leaflets, booklets, journals and magazines to give advice and support about anything, they usually have ways of you contacting them such as phone number, email or even letters. There are all kinds of ways to get in contact for you to be able to get advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion.You can contact certain groups, such as AGE UK, direct.gov and much more who can supply materials to hand out advice and support on discrimination, equality etc. There are lots of different ways on how and when to access information about a certain problem that you may have or some other individual but all ways of getting support and advice is really easy and simple for anybody. Support and advice is all around you, but professional help on certain problems such as diversity, equality and inclusion is mainly found in the government.

U.S. National Debt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S. National Debt - Research Paper Example Federal governments borrow through issuing government bonds,securities and bills.In other nations government can borrow direct from organizations such as World Bank or other international institutions (Michael S.Weisbach). Only public debt is indicated as a liability on theUS federal government’s consolidated financial statements(Thornton). Debt held by federal government accounts is treated as an asset to those accounts however it is treatedas a liability to Treasuryaccount; the valuecounsel out each other in the consolidated financial statements.Federal governmentexpenditures and receipts are presented on a cashnotaccruals basis. However, the accrual method may provide useful data on long term effects of the governments annual operations. The US national debt is expressed as public debt ratio to GDP(gross domestic product). The debt ratio to GDP may decrease due of gross domestic product, government surplus or inflation (Alycia Chin). Deficitis thedifference between receipts and outlays for each year.US government generates revenue from excise, income, social insurance taxes and fees.The income generated is spent on service provision, social security, and research and debt payment. Deficit arises when spending exceeds income level. In such a case the government must borrow in order to pay its bills. Publicdebts differ from deficit in that public debt is the accumulated deficit plus off budget surpluses. Items included while calculating deficits are considered as either off-budget or on-budget.Governments borrow money needed maintain government operations. It borrows money by selling securities such as bonds, treasury bills, notes and savings bonds to the public. Treasury securities sold to the public and Intragovernmental Holdings amounts to total debt. Historically, US national debt has increased during recessions and wars, and declined subsequently. The debt ratio to GDP may decrease due of gross domestic product, government surplus orinflation.

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay - 7

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Why - Essay Example This paper takes an argument to prove that individual stock cannot allow investors to help judging the overall risk associated with investment on shares. A critical criticism context will also be introduced in the paper later on to justify the argument regarding risk being judged better in a portfolio of stocks. It will not be incorrect to state that investors of stock market are directly associated with the risk which is not avoidable. These risks can be variable in types such as short-term risk or portfolio risk. For the focus of this paper, portfolio risk is being discussed in a contextual manner. It should be noted that portfolio risk is relatively low in accordance to the movements within the stock market. Herein, the process or concept of aggregation is considered for calculating risk associated with an asset or for valuing a company. It is due to this reason that individual investors are suggested to manage their portfolio risk because their individual transactions are aggregated. This denotes that investors tend to diversify their assets in order to judge the risk of security (Brealey, et al., 2010). It is not being proven here that by taking an aggregate of the risk of in a portfolio can eliminate risk. Portfolio of stock allows the investors to understand the associated risk in accordance of variation in all levels of the market. There is an underlying condition associated with portfolio risk. As a matter of fact, risk can be best judged in a portfolio context, as diversified stocks can have reduced risk. The underlying condition is that the return which is received by the investors is less than one. In this case, it is stated that diversification will remain beneficial or the investors (Brealey, et al., 2010). Risk or systematic risk is interlinked with the changes that may occur in the market. The risk is

Through her Play Trifles, What is Susan Glaspell Trying to Teach us Essay

Through her Play Trifles, What is Susan Glaspell Trying to Teach us About Traditional Gender Roles - Essay Example Women in most cases hence were not paid for the services they offered. They were charged with child rearing, cooking and ensuring that the house together with the compound were clean. At the same time women were to provide for the family especially in matters relating to clothing. They had to work very hard to make sure their husbands and children had something to wear hence in most cases they spent quality of their time sewing. Despite them accomplishing this entire task they were thoroughly beaten by their husbands even without a concrete reason to do so. These women were in real sense oppressed until one of the wives Mrs. Wright decided to free herself from the abuse. She planned to kill her husband and claimed that a stranger did it (Glaspell 11). Women were denied a chance to express leadership skills in several official positions. They were not involved in the process of voting within the society since voting was seen as men’s responsibility. At the same time women were not elected for any position in the Government. They were to listen and obey the men. In times of mistreatment, women were to keep it to themselves and not complain about it. The talents and abilities they had were wasted at home in the kitchen. Men didn’t allow their wives to exercise such powers in the society assuming that they were not worthy. At the same time husbands were afraid of being manipulated by women (Glaspell 20). Few women had chances to work in offices and in most cases they did low status job such as being secretaries and clerk. Women were paid very little wags to the extent that there was no specific minimum wage for them. Any important and executive work in the society was associated with men while the tiresome and little paying jobs were left for women. They were rarely given a chance to work as lawyers and physicians (Glaspell). Most women belonged to lower and medium class, this meant that they had to seek for men’s opinions in their duties. In t he play we see that women were knowledgeable since the two of them Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale were in a position to discover the evidence that Mrs. Wright killed her husband (Glaspell 27). Since women were devalued in the society they decided to keep the secret in order to protect their fellow woman from the punishment of the law. The society limited the women’s talents and abilities. Minnie was a singer but she was denied a chance to express her talents. She was forced to perform household duties in stead of developing her passion. This made her to develop negative attitude towards her husband hence decided to free herself by committing murder of which she denied. The play shows that women could secretly plan things in order to free themselves. Women had sixth sense that enabled them to see things that men were not in a position to do see. They thought first hence made many quick discoveries. Having been oppressed for so long women decided to seek for their freedom. They prote ct each other from mishandling. This instinct made the women to have a different perspective towards the crime that one of them committed. Women planned to withhold the proof that sheriff and county attorney called for so as to set up a case for Mrs. Wright’s alleged crime (Glaspell). In conclusion societies that discriminate their women normally become underdeveloped since the active participation of their women is under utilized; hence whatever they could have

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - Essay Example While in college, they found that the inefficiencies of the existing infrastructure led to great difficulties in being compatible with the numerous mail clients in operation and served to go from there. They took their idea with them when left the campus and Cisco Systems was born. Cisco grew rapidly and to cater to the company and product information distribution, launched an official website in 1991. It had a 50% share of the networking market and struggled to keep up with the calls it was receiving. By 1993, Cisco boasted a growth of an astounding 270%, but its IT department was sorely lacking to cope with a half billion-dollar company growing by 50% each year. The initial budget was for funding IT was 0.75% of sales and this was inadequate. CIO Pete Slovik and Senior Executive, Doug Allred, brought a revolutionary concept that entailed that the IT spending was linked to the business units that in turn necessitated close alignment to the company goals. Cisco's internal network would play a strategic role in providing the connectivity needed for the business units to build applications creatively. This new concept signified that a major upgrade to the existing infrastructure was needed if Cisco managers were to meet the customer satisfaction goals. Because it was a major decision that would cost millions, cash-strapped Cisco will find it quite complex. In 1994, Cisco's systems broke down unable to cope and Cisco was forced to close down for two days. There were other several minor troubles on the way. The Solution The board went ahead and approved the proposal for a $15 million Oracle ERP system. This would entail a 2.5 percent of the 1993 revenues, thrice the IT budget of the previous year. The total cost of completing the ERP was $100million. It is not an overstatement to say that the Oracle ERP system became the backbone of the Cisco E-Business. It unified all of the Unix Servers and became a source of centralized information. (Complete case study details available from website ). Why ERP Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a system that integrates a number of the back office functions of planning, manufacture, distribution, accounting and human resources etc. into a single system ERP is a method of serving each individualized department with minimal redundancies and hence has several customized software applications integrated by a single interface. Being vast and comprehensive, an ERP implementation can cost millions of dollars to create, and may take several years to complete. The advantages of the ERP system when properly implemented are tremendous. The integration of information of the departments allows easy sharing of information. Typical Benefits would include reductions in inventory, material costs, and labor and overhead costs, as well as improvements in customer service and sales, improved customer service and sales and improved accounting controls. It can speed up the manufacturing process by automating processes and workflow, and as a result, it reduces the need to carry large inventories. If implemented properly it will provide the company a major advantage in the competitive market. Contributing Factors to Successful

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example es mainly address the social needs in the society through offering products and services that aim at meeting the cultural, social and environmental needs in the society (Paton, 2003 p. 89). The bank commenced operations in 1984 providing trade union banking services while observing the founding principles. The trade unions offered provided equity capital of 1.25 million pounds while the Co-operative Bank added 2.6 million pounds to the start up capital. In the first year, the bank operated as a licensed deposit taking institution providing its clients a range of banking services. In the first year, the balance sheet figures in terms of assets grew to over 40 million pounds with the deposits reaching 35 million pounds. The Bank offered a rights issue in 1986 thus enabling more trade unions to buy shares. Fifty-eight trade unions were now members of the bank. After the passage of Public services (social value) Act 2012, Birmingham has experienced the emergence of many social enterprise s. The Act enables the stakeholders to become members of the social enterprises and introduces several tools for the identification of the social impact (Price, 2009 P. 52). The major responsibilities of social enterprises include encouraging community involvement, encouraging of equal opportunities and supporting a green economy. Social enterprises should also encourage sustainability initiatives like recycling and encourage fair trading practices (Doherty & Thompson, 2006 p.40). Social enterprise based organisations have innovative and people-friendly solutions that aim at creating positive change in the society unlike the traditional corporate world that is geared at profit maximisation (Nicholls, 2006 p.18). Most social enterprise based organisations work with poor communities and provides the staff with flexible working schedules. According to the UK department of Trade and Industry (DTI), socially based enterprises have primary social objectives whereby the surplus is reinvested

A comparative analysis of shareholders rights in differnt Essay

A comparative analysis of shareholders rights in differnt jurisdictions - Essay Example nd China. The recent financial crisis and convergence of accounting standards through IFRS have attracted the attention of world leaders towards the importance of corporate governance practices in various countries. Whether the shareholders possess enough rights and exercise these rights to safeguard their interests has been much debated because despite the presence of the board, corporations have failed. The analysis of shareholder rights has been facilitated by comparison of three companies from each of the three countries. The chosen companies are Balfour Beatty Plc, KBR Inc and CNOOC Limited. The comparison is based on each of the three companies’ disclosures regarding the shareholder rights in their annual reports and websites. 1.1.1 Background of Research Managers are responsible for the administration of day-to-day operations of the corporation. The shareholders exercise their rights and control in large corporation through board of directors. The directors of the organ ization are entrusted with the responsibility of sound corporate governance practices through direction, oversight and representation of shareholders. Generally, shareholders of a corporation do not engage in the management of corporation but appoint managers to carry out the business operations. However, this may not be the case when the managers own shares of the corporations in the form of share options. Exercised worldwide, this is one way to align the managers’ interests with that of the shareholders. Corporations mainly issue two types of shares, preference shares and common shares. The preference shareholders get the priority for dividends and when the corporation is liquidated, they get preference to claim over the common shareholders. However, preference shareholders do not have voting rights. Common shareholders, on the other hand, reserve the rights to vote on appointment of board members, decisions concerning dissolving of the corporation, and other fundamental ch anges in corporation such as changes in capital structure from increase in number of outstanding shares. In general, voting involves issuing a proxy card to each registered shareholders. A proxy is a person who is authorised to carry out the instructions from the shareholder. In the annual shareholders’ meeting, he/she will cast the vote on behalf of the shareholders, in case the shareholder is not able to directly vote (Davis 2003, p.34). The rights of shareholders increase with the increasing ownership. For example, in many countries, a shareholder owning a specified percentage like 5% has the right to place an issue on the agenda in the shareholders’ meeting or a majority shareholder can force a formal audit of the financial statements. In practice, the rights and entitlements with the ownership of the shares are seldom fully utilized by the shareholders. 1.1.2 Aims & Objectives In order to reach any conclusion and provide recommendations related to the shareholder rights, it is necessary to formulate the objectives of the study, which are as follows: 1. To compare and contrast the provisions of shareholders rights in corporate governance frameworks in UK, USA and China. 2. To analyze the extent to which the shareholders in the three countries exercise their rights by comparing three companies, each from the three countrie

Answer the history eassy questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Answer the history eassy questions - Essay Example The human civilizations on the banks of the great rivers suffered from seasonal variations of flood and dryness and so their early wall defences and storage systems helped to even out the extremes. Also, by introducing irrigation systems they were able to extend the reach of their agriculture, making wider and wider margins of cultivable fields. The more crops they had, the more people they could sustain, and the more armies they could form, which had the disadvantage of facilitating wars. There was also competition for the water resource which caused tensions between different groups. Sometimes irrigation disturbed the water flow further downstream and this caused conflict and hardship when water was in short supply. The Egyptians had the most effective and long lasting leadership and this may have something to do with the way that the leaders were absolutely tied in with religious beliefs. The people regarded them with awe, and worshipped them as gods. The rulers also amassed considerable wealth through trade and the capturing of a great many slave workers, and they consolidated their power through strategic marriages and excellent diplomacy. Government and religion were merged together in a system called Theocracy which means that the gods are in charge in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. Kings and priests worked together and there is evidence of this in the Pyramids, which are the burial places for the priest/king rulers known as Pharaohs. Their mummies and tombs show pictures of how they ruled. Chines rulers founded dynasties, passing power on from one generation to the next. There are relics such as books and vessels which show Chinese civilization was very advanced. The â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† is assumed to last for a certain period with each dynasty, until people rebel, and a new dynasty takes over. The rulers created stability so that the population could produce good crops and develop societies. Different

Titration of Acids and Bases Essay Example for Free

Titration of Acids and Bases Essay Introduction According to Arrhenius definition, acid is substance that produces H3O+ ion while base is substance that produces OH- ions. The reaction between acid and base often yields the products of salt and water. The formation of water in this neutralization reaction is caused by the combination of H3O+ and OH- ions. In order to determine the concentration of an unknown acid and base, a method called acid-base titration is used. The end of the titration has been reached when the moles of acid equals the moles of base. This is called the equivalent point. However, end point os the actual point that is reached in neutralization reaction. End point is signalled by the change in color of the solution because of the presence of pH indicator. The common used indicator is phenolphthalein; it is colorless in acidic solution and pink in basic solution. In this lab, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was determined by using a known amount of Potassium Hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: KHC8H4O4(aq) + NaOH(aq) = H2O(l) + KNaC8H4O4(aq) (1) KHP was chosen as a good acid to standardize NaOH because it has high molecular weight and stable on drying. The standardized NaOH solution was then used to determined the percent composition of KHP in an unknown substance #47. Experimental Information Part 1: Standardization of NaOH NaOH solution was prepared by taking 75mL. NaOH from stock solution and then diluted to 750 mL with DI water in Nalgene bottle. Three samples of KHP were weighed on analytical balance model BP2505, and placed in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The samples of KHP were warmed up on hot plate to dissolve in Erlenmeyer flasks with 100 mL of DI water added. Two drops of indicator phenolphathalein were added to each flask after KHP completely dissolved. The 50 mL buret was rinsed with DI water and the prepared NaOH solution. The buret was then filled with NaOH solution with the initial volume of each trial recorded. The NaOH solution was slowly dropped into the flask contained KHP solution for titration from the buret. The flask was swirled often for the reactants for mix thoroughly. The KHP solution in the flask turned light pink when the end point had been reached. The final volume of NaOH was recorded. The volume of titrant NaOH used was determined by subtracting the initial volume NaOH from the final volume NaOH marked on the buret. The mole of KHP was calculated by dividing the mass of KHP used in each trial to the molar mass of KHP. Moles KHP = mass, g x 1 mole204.23 g (2) The mole of NaOH was equal to the mole of KHP based on the balanced chemical equation (1), since the ratio is 1:1 Moles NaOH = moles KHP (3) The concentration of NaOH was calculated by dividing the mole of NaOH to the volume of NaOH used to titrate. [NaOH] = moles NaOHL, NaOH used to titrate (4) The volume of titrant NaOH used was determined by subtracting the initial volume NaOH from the final volume NaOH marked on the buret. The mole of NaOH was calculated by multiplying mean [NaOH] from part 1 by the volume NaOH used. Mole NaOH = mean [NaOH] x volume NaOH used (5) The mole of KHP was equal to the mole of NaOH based on the balanced chemical equation (1), since the ratio is 1:1. Moles KHP = moles NaOH (6) The mass of KHP in the sunstance #47 of each trial was calculated by multiplying the moles of KHP to the molar mass of KHP. Mass KHP = moles KHP x 204.23g1 mole (6) The percent composition of KHP in the substance was calculated by dividing the mass of KHP found to the mass of substance of each trial. % KHP = grams KHPgrams of substance #47 x 100 (7) Results and Discussion In part 1, the concentration of NaOH in trial 1, 2, and 3 was determined to be 0.1054 M, 0.1052 M and 0.1048 M respectively. Therefore, the mean [NaOH] was 0.1051M +/- 0.0003. The amount of NaOH solution used to titrate was about 0.023 L per 0.49g KHP. The concentration of NaOH calculated from three trials was pretty precise. However, trial 3 gave the result with the greatest in difference compared to trial 1 and 2. Thus, the possible source of error in trial 3 could be inaccurate reading og volume of NaOH solution used to titrate. Also, there could be loss in the amount of KHP when transferred to the flask after weighed. Those two factors could lead to inaccurate calculation of moles of NaOH as well as concentration of NaOH. In part 2, the percent of KHP in substance #47 in trial 1, 2, and 3 was calculated to be 55.96%, 55.87%, and 55.37%. Therefore, the mean percent KHP was 55.73%. The amount of NaOH solution used to titrate was about 0.018L per 0.69g substance #47. The results of percent KHP of three trials compared to each other were precise. There was no literature value of percent of KHP in substance 347 provided to calculated percent error. However, the possible sources of error could be inaccurate reading of volume NaOH used, loss in amount of substance while transferred from weigh paper to Erlenmeyer flask or over titrating. The important steps to get the most accurate in calculation for [NaOH] and %KHP were to read and record data carefully. Also, avoiding over titration was extremely important. It could be done by carefully letting NaOH solution go down drop-by-drop and constantlt swirl the flask for the reactants to mix completely. Conclusion The molarity of NaOH solution based on three trials was 0.1051 +/-0.0003 M. The percent KHP in substance #47 was 55.7 +/-0.3%. The significant point of this lab was to determine the end point of a reaction between an acid and a base. The data collected from the end point gave the amount of base needed to react with an acid when once wanted to perform neutralization reaction. Another significant point was that by using NaOH solution with a known concentration, the percent KHP in a substance could be determined after perform the titration process. References Anliker, Keith et al. Experimental Chemistry II. Indianapolis: Hayden McNeil , 2008, pp.47-52

Asselts Views of the Kyoto Protocol

Asselts Views of the Kyoto Protocol Asselts Article This paper aims to build upon the article by Asselt (xxxx) by re-examining this example of fragmentation from an updated perspective. Asselts article principally discusses the Kyoto protocol, however this is to be replaced by the recently adopted Paris agreement which is expected to come into force in 2020 (Wilder, 2016) and is not considered in Asselts article. This dissertation will therefore consider the impact of the modified provisions on the conflicts between the UNFCCC and CBD and will then go on to consider possible methods to address these. Differences in how the conflict would traditionally be addressed legally i.e. via the Vienna Convention and via scientific means will be considered in an attempt to inform possible solutions to the problem of fragmentation. Introduction In order to explore this specific topic it is first necessary to discuss the topic of fragmentation more generally, to do this certain questions need to be answered, namely: how did the phenomenon of fragmentation come about? What is fragmentation? What effects does it have? And how does it display itself in Environmental law? Each of these questions will be answered in turn. The Emergence of Fragmentation in International Law Wilfred Jenks was one of the first to highlight the issue of the fragmentation of international law as early 1953, stating that In the absence of a world legislature with a general mandate, law making treaties are tending to develop in a number of historical, functional and regional groups which are separate from each other and whose mutual relationships are in some respects analogous to those of separate systems of municipal law. Fragmentation is synonymous to the development of the international legal system, which has developed considerably in the post-war era with the formulation of the United Nations, of which nearly 200 nations are now members. Furthermore post-Cold War has seen an enormous expansion and transformation of the international judicial system, with the number of judicial bodies almost doubling, coupled with an equally remarkable expansion and transformation of the nature and competence of these international judicial organs. This means that it is meeting increased concern over recent years, including by bodies such as the International Law Commission. Recently the ILC has focused on this subject through its Comission on the Fragmentation of International Law[A1] considering the issue to have attained significance through its proliferation. At its fifty-second session in 2000, the International Law Commission decided to include the topic Risks ensuing from the fragmentation of international law into its long-term programme of work. In the following year, the General Assembly requested the Commission to give further consideration to the topics in that long-term programme. At its fifty-fourth session in 2002 the Commission decided to include the topic, renamed Fragmentation of international law: difficulties arising from the diversification and expansion of international law, in its current work programme and to establish a Study Group. The Study Group adopted a number of recommendations on topics to be dealt with and requested its then Chairman , Mr. Bruno Simma to prepare a study on the Function and scope of the lex specialis rule and the question of self-contained regimes'. At its fifty-fifth session in 2003, the Commission appointed Mr. Martti Koskenniemi as Chairman of the Study Group. The Group also set a tentative schedule for its work, distributed the studies decided in the previous year among its members and decided upon a methodology to be adopted for that work. [A2] Fragmentation as a Phenomenon According to some, Fragmentation is a term used to describe the inadequacy of certain corrective procedures in addressing an ever more congested body of international law. This is partly due to the emergence of a large number of international regulations over such a short period of time. These regulations now relate to an increasing number of interrelated subject areas and specialisations. According to Koskenniemi (2006) what once appeared to be governed by general international law has now become the field of operation for such specialist systems as trade law, human rights law and environmental law. Most international treaties exist parallel to one another and are further developed without the benefit of consideration being given to potential conflicts with other agreements either during their negotiation or at a later stage of their existence, this has had the effect of, in some circumstances, creating a somewhat disharmonious medley of instruments, rife with overlapping and conflicting legal mandates (Hafner, 2004; Scott, 2011). Essentially he is saying that the lack of a general legislative body has resulted in a decentralised system, with the poss ibility of conflict between treaty regimes. Much of the literature dealing with fragmentation of general international law focuses primarily on the effect of fragmentation on international judicial institutions and dispute settlement bodies, and the contribution, as a result of multiplication of these institutions, to fragmentation. However in this subject area the term conflict can be interpreted differently by different authors, with some arguing for a narrow definition and others for a wider definition. This means that there are different types of conflict that can occur, Jenks and a number of other legal scholars endorsed the narrow definition, stating that conflict in the strict sense of direct incompatibility arises only where a party to the two treaties cannot simultaneously comply with its obligations under both treaties although Jenks also acknowledged that the narrow definition might not cover all divergences and inconsistencies between treaties. The narrow position is eve rmore being challenged by critics who argue that this position is limited in that it does not include (among others) incompatibilities between obligations or permissions for example. Erich Vranes argues for a wider definition stating that if one of the norms is necessarily or potentially violated this should also be included, however some critics further assert that these wider definitions do not sufficiently cover all of the various incompatibilities that can occur between fragmented regimes. This has led some authors to consider fragmentation to also include elements of policy conflict, the International Law Commissions (ILC) definition of which is given as a situation where two rules or principles suggest different ways of dealing with a problem and may be considered more appropriate, Asselt states further that this is provided that these different ways of dealing with a problem are contradictory rather than complimentary as will be discussed an overlap in regime coverage may not necessarily produce negative outcomes. The Impacts of Fragmentation Hafner (2004) states that fragmentation may lead to the erosion of general international law and its institutions, involving the loss of its credibility and ultimately its authority. Others make similar points, that such closed jurisdictions and institutions may contribute to a loss of perspective on international law, lead to its uncertain development and create a lack of synergy, with one author stating that with congestion comes collision, and often friction. To others, fragmentation challenges international laws stability, consistency and comprehensiveness. It has been described as leading to inefficiencies for example through the doubling of efforts, which can diminish the effectiveness of international law because scarce financial, administrative or technical resources may be wasted. The effectiveness of international agreements can also be significantly hampered if conflicts between the agreements lead to uncertainties over their interpretation and, consequently, their impleme ntation and overall application. To draw a few of these criticisms down into an example, The MOX Plant case could be said to demonstrate inefficiencies and friction where the regime under the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea of 1982 conflicted with the system under EC law. From a substantive perspective it requires complex arguments about which regulation to apply, which may lead to more conflicts. This demonstrates the difficulties in providing an answer, the problems of coherence raised by the MOX plant case, for example, have not already been resolved in some juristic heaven so that the only task would be to try to find that pre-existing solution. However the impacts of fragmentation may be more prominent from a secondary law perspective. Major problems arise when a state could resort to different mechanisms of enforcement in resolving one problem. Answers to legal questions become dependent on whom you ask, what rule-system is your focus on. States may resort to t he mechanism that best suits their interests (though this can be views as good or bad). Furthermore the settlements are only reached in one system. This could undermine the tendency towards homogenous international law and engender additional uncertainty of standards to be applied to a given case. While some see the large problems mentioned such as an overarching loss of legal security others see a mere technical problem. Fragmentation is also viewn in a positive light, as an inevitable symptom of the international communitys rapid response to a host of emerging and ever more complicated pressures. To this end its greater degree of specialisation may present more opportunities to accommodate the unique needs of certain situations, through for example dispute settlement mechanisms, and this may in turn enhance a states likelihood of compliance. Overlaps also gives rise to the potential for improving synergy between obligations, making them more mutually supportive and enhancing their implementation (Scott, 2011). Though, according to others, fragmentation is not inherently negative and there are both positives and negative consequences that can be drawn from the phenomenon. Fragmentation in Environmental Law International environmental law is one of the fastest developing sub disciplines of international law, it serves to address all of the emerging global environmental challenges that are now being revealed according to modern science. Despite being less than 50 years old in 2017 (its basic framework being established in 1972 with the adoption of the United Nations Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment) it has now proliferated into over 200 multilateral treaties associated with a host of emerging environmental issues. In fact to date the greatest number of environmental agreements/protocols/amendments have emerged between the years of 1990 and 1999, making them less than 27 years old (Kolari, 2002; Mitchell, 2016). Given its relative infancy and the remarkable speed of its development, the IEL sub-discipline is particularly prone to examples of fragmentation. IEL may be distinguishable, or even unique in its interaction with fragmentation compared to other sub-sects of internati onal law for certain reasons. For example as a sub-species and as a result of inter-disciplinary fragmentation IEL displays more examples of intra-disciplinary (or inter-sectoral) fragmentation. Intra-disciplinary fragmentation entails that each of the broader sub-disciplines of international law consist of various sectors. This manifestation of fragmentation is disciplinary-specific and essentially relates to fragmentation between the various sectors which form part of the IEL sub-discipline. IEL is further outstanding in that its nature has led to the proliferation of a number of soft law instruments and protocols, the more primary normative mechanisms of which include (among others): conventions, protocols, subsequent treaty institutions, competent authorities, rules, procedures and governance instruments. This means that it may better exhibit examples of fragmentation that fit into the wider definitions discussed earlier, when compared to other forms of international law. Howeve r in the terms of these primary normative rules the more cumbersome, duplicative, conflict-ridden, and confusing the international environmental governance effort is. Collectively however these weaknesses may also be referred to as governance inefficiencies, which, in the environmental context, may not be conducive to sustainability. A key concern in this regard may be associated with IELs credibility, which fragmentation is likely to threaten. This is particularly concerning in the case of environmental law, because as Bailey (1999) states: [at the governmental level] environmental agreements are often already plagued with a number of credibility issues, including those related to its authority, such as those associated with a lack of enforceability. Thus any additional flaws in the credibility of environmental instruments created by fragmentation will only act to exacerbate this problem. Managing fragmentation Generally, both the doubling of efforts and conflicts between environmental agreements require a systematic approach to harmonization and coordination in order to provide for greater coherence and, accordingly, enhanced efficiency of international law. Ultimately, regardless of the position taken, fragmentation needs to be examined and managed, such that any negative effects can be minimised, and any positive maximised. But if fragmentation is in this regard a natural development (indeed, international law was always relatively fragmented due to the diversity of national legal systems that participated in it) then it is not obvious why the Commission should deal with it. There are good reasons for concerns. As the international legal system has developed so far, it has had little experience with fragmentation, and its rules have not evolved to deal with fragmentation in a satisfying way. [A3] http://www.glogov.org/images/doc/WP30.pdf It can be said that fragmentation reflects the high political salience of environmental issues and their particular problem structure, and should be regarded as a strength rather than a weakness of environmental co-operation(Oberthà ¼r and Gehring 2004: 369). However, the multiplicity of institutional arrangements, and consequently the overlapping of regimes, could also pose a threat to the coherence of international environmental governance. In dealing with interactions, it is therefore important to aim at strengthening the overall coherence of international cooperation, by exploiting the synergies between different agreements, and minimising potential or actual conflicts.

Causes and Effects of the American Civil War Essay -- American History

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you know that in the Civil War, America lost the most men ever? After four years and over 600,000 American lives, the Union (North) prevailed in wearing down and forcing the Confederacy (South) to surrender. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the Missouri Compromise, and the Dred Scott case contributed greatly to the Civil War. After the Civil War, the Southern economy was devastated with millions of homeless, while the northern economy boomed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eli Whitney created one of the first causes of the Civil. In 1793 Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin greatly increased the amount of cotton produced. The cotton gin cleaned the cotton by extracting the cottonseeds efficiently. In the 1800’s, 36,000 bales of cotton were exported, but after the invention of the cotton gin, 4,600,000 bales of cotton were produced. This could not be done with out the help of slave labor. Slave labor allowed the production of cotton to be profitable and the southern farms relied on slaves because they couldn’t plant and harvest more cotton without them. The southern economy grew dependent on slave labor and some areas of the south consisted of over 50% slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the tensions grew, the battle for free or slave states intensified. The Missouri Comprise decided whether Missouri would be admitted into the union as a state that would allow or prohibit slavery. This issue is due to the fact that Missouri doesn’t lie on either side of the Ohio River. As of 1819 any states south of the Ohio R...

Physics of Volcanoes :: physics volcano volcanic eruption

Volcanoes are one of natures most interesting and dangerous phenomenons. The way volcanoes operate can be understood, on a basic level, by just some simple physics and chemistry, this paper will investigate and explain some of the basic physics that govern the behavior of volcanoes. Magma is composed of three main components * viscous silicate melt * crystals * volatiles (gases) The way that these three components interact is one of the main focuses of petrologists and volcanologists. Also, the way that these components interact is govered by some of the basic laws of physics. Viscosity In layman's terms viscosity is a fluids resistance to flow and is important in many volcanic processes. Viscosity is defined as the internal resistance to flow by a substance when a shear stress is applied. Many factors affect a magma's viscosity. Temperature is one of them, as a with all fluids as a the temperature increases the viscosity also increases. This example can be seen when examining a rhyolitic melt, when the temperature decreases from 1300Â °C to 600Â °C the viscosity increases by more than eight orders of magnitude. The silica content and the water content also affect a magmas viscosity. The more silica is in a magma the more viscous the magma will be due to the strong silica-oxygen bonds. When water is added to a magma it has the ability to break the silica-oxygen bonds and therfore, the viscosity decreases. Rheology Rheology is the study of how materials flow and it is very important when examining volcanogenic processes. Two main types of flows can be defined: laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow occurs when the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the walls. Turbulent flow occurs when the streamlines or flow patterns of a fluid are disorganized and there is an exchange of fluid between these areas. The Reynolds number (Re) can be calculated to determine whether a fluid is turbulent or laminar. When the Reynolds number is less than 10 .... it is considered laminar, when it is greater than 100 it is considered turbulent. The areas in between are defined as transitional and can go either way. Rheology and viscosity are imporatnat to volcanologists because it will determine if Magma Chambers will convect and overturn. When the Rayleigh's and Reynolds numbers are high enough it is possible for these chambers to over turn which can lead to volcanic eruptions.

My Education

Education should be skill based rather than knowledge based Good morning, today l, Sparks Gar, am going to speak for the topic ‘Education should be skill based rather than knowledge based'. As school ends and commencement addresses are given, two pieces of data caught my eye recently. Only 56 percent of law school graduates are getting Jobs proportionate with their education. And there are 3 million Jobs currently unfilled in the U. S.So what explains the disconnection between a large number of highly educated workers unable to find bobs and the millions of openings out there right now? The answer is skills. Or more precisely, having the specialized skills that fit with the Jobs, employers need to fill. The challenge is to get the people who need work to acquire the skills that employers are seeking. It is true that our young generation needs to be skilled in order to get employment. It is very much important to get skills and only then we can think of our bright future.In a cl ass all the students may not be excellent in their studies but here are other projects in which the weaker students can come up. In our society it is not only knowledge that matters but if you have the skill to do something you can guarantee work. Nowadays we usually face problems that a person is knowledgeable but not skilled enough to do a particular Job. The majority of Jobs are in the skilled trades, yet it wouldn't be hard to build programs around the needs of information technology companies, tech start-ups and manufacturing firms.We've all heard Tories of successful people who found their true passion and talent from the help of a teacher who had taken notice when nobody else had. We need to create a system and culture of education in which such self-discovery doesn't Just happen serendipitously but rather is the core focus of education. This can only come from an early exposure to a rich and diverse set of study, including art, music, science, math, design, writing and more. In 2010, Barack Obama made this a major focus, and from hat came skills for America's Future, which brought employers and community colleges together to design curriculum around skills for specific types of Jobs. Of course people's decision changes with time and some of us make a conscious decision to ignore our natural born attributes to pursue a different path in life. That is what makes us human. But with this approach, students will get a around exposure to ideas and critical thinking to marketable skills and training that we can rely on. My Essays By supercharges

Fast Food Nation Essay

â€Å"Fast Food Nation† is a film directed by Richard Linklater and it was released in the year 2006. This is one of those films, which provide new sources of thinking to a generation. This film deals with a large number of topics, which are old but still existing on our planet. Among these topics the mentionable ones are gender, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation and oppression. The film also shows that although being different parts of the social strata – these things are actually well related with each other. They act not only in the small communities but also throughout the world. There is no bar for these topics among the developed and developing countries in the present day world. â€Å"Fast Food Nation† upholds the problems, which are old enough to have been erased by now. But as a matter of fact, they still loom large in the human societies of all standards. Don Anderson is the main character of the movie. He is the famous Anderson who is known for the preparation of â€Å"Big One† of Mickey’s hamburger. This shows how the protagonist of the film is connected with the world of fast food. The main thing around which the film is constructed is to judge whether these businesses are honest or not. Anderson is not a bad human being but as a matter of fact he does not seem to know everything that is associated with his business. He finds one fault with the products of his company and travels to Cody in Colorado to trace the source of these bad and unhealthy ingredients in the products. Cody in Colorado is the center for the preparation of all the products of Mickey’s. Very soon Anderson comes to know about the faults that are actually taking place while manufacturing the products of his company. These are some of the most horrible truths waiting for him. The film has dealt with some other complicacies as well. Among them, the most important one is the exploitation of the illegal immigrants. People come to America to win a good fortune from various corners of the world. Mexico is one of these countries from where a number of illegal immigrants come in search of jobs. Very soon after entering the country they are exploited by the white settlers of the United States of America. Fast food culture has given birth to a huge industry in this country and most of the immigrants are taken in for the jobs that are available in this industry. Cheap labor is the main reason why the companies are always interested in taking these employees. By doing this, they can also earn a huge amount of profit within short time. (Linklater, et al, 2006) The tagline of â€Å"Fast Food Nation† says â€Å"The Truth Is Hard To Swallow†. In a way this film introduces the audience with the modern day world where almost every vice is present in the society just as they used to exist in the past. The presence of cow manure in the Mickey’s product is highly symbolic as it shows the commonly found tendency to live by cheating on others. A fast food nation like USA today looks after only the benefits from the business and not after the quality of service they are providing the customers with. This is the harsh truth, which Don Anderson discovers in his own company while visiting Cody in Colorado. â€Å"Fast Food Nation† is a movie that concentrates on many of the recent problems, which we come across in the modern world. Apart from that there are also other problems, which are not felt by us. Some of the downtrodden people have to face these truths in their lives. This is really unfortunate as we talk about the overall development of the world we act in a very hypocritical way. According to some of the well known critics â€Å"Fast Food Nation† is a well made angry movie which vents out the idealistic wrath on the wrong way in which the nation like USA is traveling towards a so called progress. It is obviously a credit going to Richard Linklater for the fact that he has chosen such a sensitive subject on which the economy of USA is dependent to a great extent. The glamour-less style of the movie is one of the most important symbolic, which is followed throughout the movie. We all know that America is a country of glamour and this is why a movie based on this country is hoped to be flashing with glamour and style. Unlike all other movies, â€Å"Fast Food Nation† is an entirely anti-glamour movie where all the characters are the dwellers of a very indifferent land. Truth hidden beneath the glamour is the main motive of this movie and this is why Linklater has focused more on incidents rather than the glamorous aspect of the film. (Morris, 2006) Linklater is very much successful in taking the audience to the root of the problems. He takes the audience to the slaughterhouses where raw materials for hamburger are produced. Visiting these places the audience is able to go through a series of events, which are revealing about how USA still deals on the grounds of race, gender and ethnicity. The Mexican immigrants are nothing better than the cows, which are slaughtered for the production. They are also exploited to a huge extent. By connecting to the story of the Mexican border Linklater actually introduces the audience with another horrible truth, which is looming large in the country. The country, which boasts of its democracy, is itself a system of exploitation and this is something, which Fast Food Nation deals with very carefully. Uniglobe is the meat plant where the team of Mexican workers joins. This is the place where the white Americans take the full advantage over the Mexicans as they have come in the country obtaining illegal process. It is very shocking to see a white that works as the floor supervisor threats the Mexican workers to kill them through the slaughtering machine unless they work properly. This show of rudeness opens up the horrible way in which the white people in American society are still dealing with the Mexicans. Money is the main thing, which draws the poor Mexicans to this vast land of USA where they have neither identity nor respect. There is a scene in the movie where a Mexican falls inside the slaughtering machine and loses his hand, which is chopped by the blade. The terrible scene is something, which agitates the audience to the core. Fast Food Nation not only focuses on the macro system of the society but also on the micro system where the workers are exploited at the same rate. We see the troubles, which are faced by Sylvia, the Mexican young woman who starts working as a hotel room cleaner. She faced huge problems in the slaughterhouse of Uniglobe where her husband and sister continue to work. The dangers of crossing the border are one of the most important elements, which the movie has dealt with. It shows the extent of risk, which the Mexicans are ready to undertake for their survival. Throughout the film it has dealt with huge problems in modern America. But the most important thing about them is the fact that everything, which happens in the life of the Mexican friends, is also the parts of the greater American life. Exploitation and all the other associated elements in the movie are actually representing the wholesome picture of the United States of America.   (Mother Jones, 2006) The use of satire in the film is a main thing, which consolidates the theme even more. There are actually three narrative parts that have been used in this movie. The pattern of the movie is very much like the documentary films, which shows the true picture of the world and easily deal with even some of the most controversial topics. Apart from human cruelty, animal cruelty is also an integral part of the film. However, the movie also concentrates on the matter of sexual orientation, which is a big issue in today’s America. Amber, the role played by Ashley Johnson, faces problems seeing the difference of sexual orientations among her friend. She asks her close friends not to meet cute looking boys, believing that they practice homosexuality. This is somehow associated with the slaughterhouse atmosphere and the theme thus becomes more convincing.

Foundations of Psychology Paper

Psychology encompasses a vast range of different thoughts, theories, and biological foundations on behavior of why people act the way they do. Once a part of philosophy, psychology has developed into several schools of thought that describe the theories some of these individuals use to approach what they are observing from different people and their actions. Some of these theories do have conflictions from others, but all have a good amount of validity to their theories. Many things contribute to the biological well being of a person and those things can determine what kind of behavior the person will display. The major schools of thought are introspection, structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic theory, cognitive theory, and behavioral theory. Introspection was a method in which a person would report anything the person had come across their mind when they were given some kind of stimulus or task to do. Structuralism used introspection to uncover parts of consciousness and how they combine into ideas with one another. Functionalism applied the Darwinian Theory where roles or functions would aid in helping an individual adapt to their environment. The psychodynamic theory has three parts that describe it. The first one is thoughts, feelings, or wishes determine the way person will act. The second one is most of the thoughts a person has come outside of the person’s awareness. The third is that the mental processes may conflict with one another leaving to possible compromises within some of the competing motives of a person. The behavioral theory suggests that there are many things that can stimulate a person such as an object or an event within the person’s environment can control the behavior of a person through learning. The cognitive theory suggests that the perception, process, and the way a person retrieves information allows the person to interact in daily activities. Although all these theories have a specific suggestion on the psychological health of a person, they have had some conflicts that within those who created the theories. According to Uljana Feest, â€Å"Moreover, his contention that something like unconscious sensations/experiences can be invoked as explanatory of other experiences is in clear opposition to Brentano’s view that since mental phenomena, by definition, are conscious, there can be no psychological explanations that make recourse to unconscious mental phenomena. † Most psychologists in modern times use a more eclectic outlook where they use a combination of these theories to observe people. The nervous system has an impact on the biological functions of a person, and it can determine how a person will behave in different ways. The nervous system is made up of different types of neurons, and these neurons are what carry messages back and forth through the body to tell the body to do something, when there is an injury, or many other things. This information carried from the neurons is carried through the central nervous system which is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which maintains the basic survival of a human being. Neurotransmitters are chemicals within the body that transmit information from one neuron to the next. Each neurotransmitter can have a different effect on the person when the chemical is produced such as when serotonin is produced. Serotonin is the chemical the body produces to help the body sleep, in emotional arousal, pain regulation, and mood. There are also other chemicals in the body that allow the body to do other things, and if any of these chemicals are not produced or they are overproduced, they can have an effect on how the person behaves on a daily basis. Receptors also play a role in the transmission of neurotransmitters. They bond together to allow a chemical and electrical balance occur which is called a graded potential. According to Howard C. Warren, â€Å"Behavior is not merely a branch of physiology; its data, responses, are a class of phenomena indicative of neural activity. Mental states or experiences are not merely subjective occurrences; they are somehow conditioned on the operations of the nervous system. † The reasons behind what makes people behave the way they do will still be a science that will not have an absolute answer to. There are theories that suggest different views to why people act the way they do, but those theories are just what they mean. They do provide some sort of understanding, and when put together, make much more sense to use in understanding human behavior. Biological features also play a major role in human behavior, and they too provide psychologists with ways to help understand humans along with the different theories. Feest Uljana,(2011) pg. 5, Introspection as a Method and Introspection as a Feature of Consciousness, retrieved from Ebscohost: http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9694d08f-b9f8-420d-903c-00aadade28ff%40sessionmgr113&vid=12&hid=115 Warren, Howard C., pg. 250; Psychology And The Centralnervous System, retrieved from Ebschost: http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9694d08f-b9f8-420d-903c-00aadade28ff%40sessionmgr113&vid=20&hid=115

Mega Trends in Fashion

T4 MEGATRENDS 1. Celebrity Culture: Celebrity culture means that common people want to look and feel like celebrities. This affects a shift in consumer behavior and marketing. People are more likely to purchase garments if celebrities are seen wearing them than the consumers’ personal taste. This new celebrity obsession will drive consumers to buy the latest worn garment their most admired celebrity is wearing. This change in consumer behavior will have to be taken into consideration when companies advertise as they will be more likely to sell a product if celebrities are used in the advertising campaign rather than a ordinary model.Celebrities are influencing design, advertising and distribution. 2. Social networking: Social networking is the fastest growing trend. Most the population are engaged in some sort of social networking whether it be facebook, twitter, pintrest or blogs. Due to social media, word-of-mouth promotion is a new phenomenon, which can either have positive , or negative outcomes for companies. The constant sharing and use of images/ideas/technologies means less promotion and marketing is needed by companies to distribute their products.This is the case as everyone has instant updates and access to the latest trends. Companies do not have to exert their effort into promotion, as consumers are already in the know. 3. Global Financial Crisis: Due to the current financial issue, many people are left unemployed and redundant. Many people have had to re-budget and re think their expenditure. Many people have had to restructure the way their families live and have had to cut down on many unnecessary expenses.Fashion is one of the first categories that people cut down on. Food and housing are seen as essentials and fashion is seen as a luxury. Thins being the case, people don’t have the money to buy and spend, making it difficult for fashion houses to remain open as they have a dwindling clientele. 4. Satiability: Sustainability and th e environment have become most topical in todays world. With this knowledge, consumers want more company transparency.Consumers want to be aware of the origins of their purchases as they care about human rights and the environment. Consumers want to be able to reuse and recycle clothing. The notion of vintage clothing has become very trendy as consumers realize that old clothes are still wearable and are of quality. The notion of fast fashion is disturbing the environmentally friendly consumers, as high levels of waste are prevalent. Companies are being forced to reassess the ethics of their sourcing, manufacturing and distribution processes.

China Pestel

Analysis 1. Political Factors Peace and development are the main topics of world; China keeps stable and harmonious relationships with all of countries. Government Encourages Entrepreneurship The government encourages the citizen to create the enterprise and cooperate with foreign-funded enterprises; it is a good opportunity for all of people and develops a new business. Such as preferential policies for setting up business, decrease the sales tax and income tax, offer free training course for high school graduate or unemployment, no individual guarantee for the enterprise loan below 70000 Yuan and etc.Decreasing in Import Tax One good thing for our business are the import tax of cream material goes down from 19% to 6%, moreover we have more choices to select the ice cream machines, and it will reduce our cost and make the produce process easier. Impact on Open Economic Policy Albeit the competition will be strong as the foreign brands swarm into Chinese market this few years, we dis cover that there is still a gap for our business to fit in and it is also a chance to develop the Chinese brands and enhance the existing ice cream industry to compete with foreign brands.On the other hand, it lays a foundation for Chinese ice cream brands enter into the international market in the future. QS Standards Certificate Ice cream industry QS (Quality safety) standards certificate is a passport for running ice cream factory. It requires every factory to prepare a freezer which can keep the ice cream under the degree 30; the freezer will cost 5 million Yuan. But this rule doesn’t apply to the foreign ice cream brands and some of home-made ice cream shops. Tax Policy It depends on the place and general industry sales amount, the tax department stimates the sales amount of the store, and then we need to pay for 5. 45% tax every month. There is no relationship with the invoice. Employment Policy For employments, they must have health certificates. The enterprise must si gn the contracts with them and pay the four insurances which the government asked for. Include the old-age insurance, medicare insurance, unemployment insurance, and child-bearing insurance. Allowance for Farmer Who Plant Organic Products Organic materials are now more expensive than the average products in the market.Hence, the government supports and encourages the farmer to plant the green and organic agricultural products. We believe that the price will go down, and people will enjoy the green and organic products more than before. 2. Economic Factors 2. 1Macro economic factors Growth in Population In shanghai, the area covers 6340km? , separate 18 districts. the population is about19 million and 6million families. The best business area is Xuhui (1060,000 population), Huangpu (570,000population) and Pudon district (2400,000 population). The high density of population will have a positive impact to our business. GNP Trends and National incomeAccording to the first quarter report s of this year, national economy maintain a growing trend, achieved 657. 45 billion Yuan which rise 6. 1% compare to last year. The per-capita disposable income of urban residents is 15781 Yuan and the per-capita net income of rural people is 4761 Yuan, rise 8. 4% and 8% in real terms. It is estimated that the growth target for this whole year can be reached 8%. 2. 2 Micro economic factors Based on the first quarter report of this year in Shanghai, The disposable income per-capita of urban residents is 26690 Yuan and the per-capita net income of rural people is 11400 Yuan, rise 6% and 6. % in real terms. According to the report of The People's Bank of China in May 2009, the saving breakthrough 4 trillion, growth rate meets 23% and the amount rise 48. 3billion Yuan. House rent income and other property income rise 2%. Employment pressure keeps increasing trend, the university graduate is 158000, rise 6%. The government pushes many of policies to solve the problems. People’s in come, bank saving and employment status are affecting our business directly, all of the data shows the increasing trend in each factor; therefore, we believe that our business prospects is optimistic. 3. Social FactorsCross-Culture Shanghai is a modern and international city. Due to the globalization, young people’s thinking and lifestyles are getting closer to western culture. They are like a sponge which can easily accept the new and strange things. Ice cream is part of their life in Western country, which has a significantly impact to the ice cream industry today in China. Ice cream is not only for kids’ enjoyment nowadays but also become an indulgence of young generation and a satisfaction for old generation. The new consumption format leads ice cream business to a bright future. More Aware of Having a Healthy LifestyleSince eating ice cream has become part of people enjoyment, they are seeking for high-nutrition ice cream which can keep them healthy and slim while they are having their enjoyment. Doctor Qikeming from Beijing Children hospital said the obesity issue happened in 7-18 years old children,meet 5%boys and 3% girls in 100 people, the trend is growing very fast, the main reasons are they eat too much fast food, carbonated drinks, dessert, ice cream. Thus, parents are more aware of their children’s health and also purchase organic foods for them. High Expectation Due to the intense competition nowadays, people are expecting more than the past.They care not only about the products but include its packaging, color, taste, price and even the advertising words and image. 4. Technological factors Produce Ice Cream by Using Latest Technology Along with the improvement of the consumption level, people’s requirements on food are unceasingly enhance. Meanwhile it is a trend which develops new products and fit the consumer’s needs. Experts advance â€Å"three lower and one higher plan† for the ice cream manufactorie s, low salt, low fat, low sugar, and high protein. More and more scientists are dedicated in studying and developing organic products.Thus, develop health and function ice cream against the traditional ice cream recipe by using the technology today will be a success in business. 5. Legal factors Food Safety Law This law is used to protect, monitor and limit the industry of developing and lead the right way for business. It has conducted since June, 2009. The new law shows the food exempted from inspection canceled and the food additives which are not in the list of catalogs cannot be used in any food. Once the consumers’ rights meet loss, they can ask for 10 times compensation money compare to price of goods.All of goods must have a clear components list on the packing and mark unsuitable people, function explanation. How to Register a Company? First, we need to prepare several names of our company, then we will go to The Administrative Bureau of Industry and Commerce to pick up one name which is not similar to other company in order to avoid confusing. Next, prepare at least 2 people which are the company stockholder, one must be the legal representative. There are several choices to decide the company format: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Liability Company, Company Limited by Shares. Each of them has different law responsibilities.For our business, we will register as a sole proprietorship company. Following by the detail of our business and open a bank account. The bank capital is at least 100000 Yuan for a small-scale business. To register a General taxpayer, the cash in bank must be at least 500000 Yuan. After that, The Administrative Bureau of Industry and Commerce will check through all the details. It takes around 15 days to get the operating license. We can start the tax process after getting the operating license. We need to apply for an enterprise code to department of technical supervision which is a Tax ID Code of the business.It will take 3 0 days for the tax department to process before we can get the Tax Registration Certificate. The tax department will then confirm the business tax rate, items of taxation, levy time and method. 6. Environmental factors Government Policies Protecting environment is a hot topic in current society. The government establishes many policies for one-off packing in food industry. For our business, the main packing materials are cups, scoops, straws. We will choose disposable paper products and degradable plastic to reduce the environment damage. Increasing Awareness of Environmental ProtectionSince people nowadays are more aware of the importance of the environment and becoming â€Å"green consumers†, they prefer goods and services that are â€Å"environmental friendly† and which have less impact on the environment. We will strive to be carbon neutral, green, clean and pristine. In addition to producing inconceivably delicious organic ice cream, we will try to operate in a su stainable manner. We use fully organic ingredients, offset our emissions, use compostable serving dishes and also compost our waste. This gives our business a clear advantage over our competitors who are not doing well in this field. References Website:

Equity theory 2 videos Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equity theory 2 videos - Assignment Example Adams theory acknowledges that variable factors affect employees’ assessment and perception of their relationship with their employer and their work. Employees may be demotivated with their employer or job if they feel that their inputs are greater than the output. Therefore, the resultant effects of this will be reduced efforts, disgruntled and disruptive. In the application of this theory in a work place, it is important to consider the imbalance and the balance that exist between employees input and output in order to have satisfaction in a work place. This theory believes that a good leader will recognize the needs and well-being of the team members in order to build a highly and successful teams (Maslow, 2012, 00:03:44). Maslow believes that that there should be an emotional contact between leaders and their team for enhancement of equity and motivation at work place. In this theory, the followers usually give in their best return when they realize their leaders are looking upon their welfares. However, the theory contends that, as people strive to achieve basic needs, they also seek to satisfy their higher sets of

Philosophy of Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy of Skepticism - Essay Example Being born in the 80s made me very much aware of the traditions, beliefs and fads during that time. My personal interests depended on the interests of the people I live with. If I have lived during the time of slavery, my interest would have been related to freedom and equality. There is no absolute freedom but I have the free will to choose which information and beliefs I would want to base my life upon. I would prefer not to get everything that I ever wanted. Suffering is part of man's life which is destined to be imperfect and man has to strive to make the best out of what we have been blessed with. Man always wants what he does not have. 3. Plato's cave-dwellers discover that the source of their so- called knowledge, their senses has been giving them false information about the world. How reliable are our senses as a source of knowledge Plato rejects the senses as a source of knowledge. Do you agree with him Why or why not In consonance with his theory of Idealism, Plato propounded the view that man, in his present earthly existence is only an imperfect copy of his real, original self, the perfect man, in the realm of ideas. In such a perfect state as pure mind, man knew all things by direct intuition. Thus, according to Plato, man was omniscient, all-knowing, before he came to be born into this world. With his separation however from the paradise of truth and knowledge and his long exile on earth, he forgot most of the knowledge he had. To Plato the ideas are inborn, already present in the mind of man from birth, but these are partly forgotten memories obscured owing to man's life term confinement on earth, in the prison house of the senses. They only have to be revived and recalled. The things that we perceive on earth, according to Plato, are merely shadows, pale reminders of the truths man already knew truly and fully before his terrestrial imprisonment. I disagree with Plato on his idea about the senses. I believe that through sensation and perception, man is able to learn and acquire knowledge and ideas. When we sense something, it can be considered as first-hand information because that is something that can be empirically proven. 4. Does Descartes ever prove in his first meditation that we are not dreaming Why or why not We might appreciate the philosophical viewpoint that Descartes develops to be discernible and defined by the skepticism and cynicism he communicates in the First Meditation. He starts by asking how he can be certain or sure of anything and then develops all kinds of imaginative and outlandish reasons as to why he have to to mistrust his senses. Philosophy ever since has been known a constant skepticism toward knowledge claims, and the very question of how we can come to know anything with certainty has been much argued. Skepticism also informs the mind-body predicament which has come to identify our formation of the human mind. Descartes develops a conception of the mind where the senses and the imagination are also mental faculties. Further, he states that we are essentially thinking things that can be acquainted with our minds clearly and distinctly, but must exert much effort and strive harder to come to an understanding of our bodies. Most significant, he comes up with a very intelligent distinction between mind and body. Mind is essentially think

Workplace Observation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workplace Observation Paper - Essay Example The portal does indicate an attempt to increase employees’ sense of belonging. Wal-Mart previously did not encourage employees to speak out about their working experiences with the retail giant. Walmartfacts.com is now available for employees to post their positive experiences. Where Wal-Mart fails in communications is in addressing the negative issues, the subjects that have brought about all the negative headlines. The retailer is still reluctant to meet with union leaders in communities where it has proposed new store locations. Edd Snyder, executive director, corporate communications, at GM, offers advice that counters avoidance of opposing groups. â€Å"You must find some common ground. The idea is to bridge [differences] and talk and be in constant communication with the other organization. Find common threads† (Frank, 2005). The corporate culture at Wal-Mart is very different from the individual cultures In each store location. Every community has its own set of values or standards. Some are more blue-collar oriented, while others are more white-collar with higher levels of education. The low cost strategy, which many critics believe has ignored environmental and human rights issues does appeal to those who are price conscious. Wal-Mart’s mission statement includes â€Å"our fist responsibility is to provide all consumers (1) the best products and services with guaranteed satisfaction under one roof† (uwstout.edu). Wal-Mart follows through on this promise, by providing securing relationships with low cost suppliers and manufacturers.

Sles Orienttion nd Production Orienttion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sles Orienttion nd Production Orienttion - Essay Example MÐ °jor concern wÐ °s with mÐ °nufÐ °cturing—not mÐ °rketing. Ð ccording to Ð ° compÐ °ny executive, compÐ °ny philosophy in the erÐ ° of mÐ °nufÐ °cturing dominÐ °nce might be stÐ °ted Ð °s follows: "We Ð °re professionÐ °l flour millers. Blessed with Ð ° supply of the finest North Ð mericÐ °n wheÐ °t, plenty of wÐ °ter power, Ð °nd excellent milling mÐ °chinery, we produce flour of the highest quÐ °lity. Our bÐ °sic function is to mill high-quÐ °lity flour, Ð °nd of course (Ð °nd Ð °lmost incidentÐ °lly), we must hire sÐ °lesmen to sell it, just Ð °s we hire Ð °ccountÐ °nts to keep our books." The second erÐ ° wÐ °s one of sÐ °les orientÐ °tion. In the 1930s, competition hÐ °d become more significÐ °nt Ð °nd the problems of reÐ °ching the mÐ °rket hÐ °d grown much more complex. CompÐ °ny officiÐ °ls becÐ °me somewhÐ °t Ð °wÐ °re of consumer wÐ °nts Ð °nd needs, Ð °nd formed Ð ° commerciÐ °l reseÐ °rch depÐ °rtment to develop fÐ °cts Ð °bout mÐ °rkets. More Ð °ttention wÐ °s given to strengthening the distributing orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, consisting of wholesÐ °le Ð °nd retÐ °il grocers. CompÐ °ny philosophy in this erÐ ° is described Ð °s follows: "We Ð °re Ð ° flour milling compÐ °ny, mÐ °nufÐ °cturing Ð ° number of products for the consumer mÐ °rket. We must hÐ °ve Ð ° first-rÐ °te sÐ °les orgÐ °nizÐ °tion which cÐ °n dispose of Ð °ll the products we cÐ °n mÐ °ke Ð °t Ð ° fÐ °vorÐ °ble price. We must bÐ °ck up this sÐ °les force with consumer Ð °dvertising Ð °nd mÐ °rket intelligence. We wÐ °nt our sÐ °lesmen Ð ° nd our deÐ °lers to hÐ °ve Ð °ll the tools they need for moving the output of our plÐ °nts to the consumer." Ð  third erÐ ° of mÐ °rketing orientÐ °tion did not begin until the eÐ °rly 1950s.  

Analysis and Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis and Application - Essay Example In addition, violent gangs take part in theft and robbery of properties of their neighbors (Klein, 2005). Primary questions to the research were inquiring whether youth gang violence is as a result of illegal drugs and small arms, the contribution of the media in the problem, political and social problems to the problem, and the possible measures taken to alleviate the problem. Violent youth gangs have been blamed by the media for the increasing incidences of violence and crime in Central America cities. They have been blamed for all sorts of crime tat take place in the society. In addition, both the media and the government officials have linked the violent groups to terrorist groups such as al Qaeda (Pope, Lovell and Bradl, 2001). Some of the concepts discussed include the definition of â€Å"youth gang† youth gang is defined according to the composition of the gang, members, leaders and the structure of the gang. All these factors must be outlined I order to look at the problem effectively. This research is valid because it discusses the political and social contexts in which these violent youth gangs emerged. Some of the measures proposed in dealing with the issue include arresting the violent youths, removing them out of the streets as well as reducing their number in the overcrowded Central American prisons. Prison overcrowding by the violent youth gangs can lead to challenging situations such as prison riots and a number of deaths (Dvorak, 1995). The voices fro the field’s study also understands the situation of young people. It is discussed that politicization of the gang matter has exaggerated a clear understanding of the crisis as well as the attempts in coming up with suitable solutions. The study recommends that so as to successfully tackle the issue of youth gangs, proper therapy programs must be put in place. There has to be sufficient investments in the avoidance and remedy

The Significance of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Research Paper

The Significance of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Contemporary Period - Research Paper Example It is in the last three decades that numerous discourses on CSR happened (Campbell 2007). There is an assumption that the notion of CSR has contributed to the changed nature of modern organizations (Tencati & Zolsnai, 2009). Since, CSR becomes the theoretical basis for organisations to accept the truism that their responsibility is not only to secure and increase profit for the firm (Milton, 1970), but it also includes being responsible to other actors in the society that may be affected by the actions and activities of the company. The ‘noble’ intention underpinning CSR has earned the ideal wide acceptance in the business world. However, in the recent past, many are questioning the validity and ’authenticity’ of CSR because of the obvious contradictions between what some well-known corporations are doing and saying. This situation is heightened by the Enron experience, the global economic crisis that started in 2007, and the various ethical issues involving pharmaceutical companies, sweatshops, child labour and other similar cases that persist despite claims of adhering to the tenets of CSR. Thus, now some are questioning the continued importance of CSR in the midst of corporate abuses and impunities. In this regard, this research will attempt to address the problem ‘is there still a continued significance for corporate social responsibility?’ With this question, the research aims to understand the current perception of some scholars regarding the importance of CSR. Likewise, the study intends to know whether there is still a meaning for CSR in the contemporary period. Finally, it intends to determine the continued possible merits of CSR despite some impurities of some well-rated firms. In order to address the issue and achieve the objectives of the study, the research adopted a documentary analysis of some articles relevant to the research topic.

Online Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Community - Essay Example This means that people could be living in the same geographical area but since they do not share the same values, they are not deemed as community. The conventional community is that which lives together physically and shares their values and practices within a locality. The contemporary community does not have to be living in the same locality since they could practice their values on a remote platform, which is online. Campbell describes the contemporary community, or community online, as that social unit that interacts online aided by the use of the internet (Campbell, 2010). He traces the emergence of the community online back to the early 1970s when the email first emerged. Emails were first powered by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, commonly abbreviated as ARPANET, which was also the first operational packet switching network in the world (Brasher 25). The online space was, at first, purely a research space and not for social interactions’ use. Soon ARPANE T created the first electronic discussion group establishing a moderated space to oversee various aspects of network business and research. Researchers within these messaging groups began forming unofficial groups such as SF-Lovers, created by some researchers to discuss science fiction. This and other early groups pioneered the social community online. Several special interest groups started emerging thereafter and this liberalization saw the birth of the â€Å"net.religion† debating group where religious opinions were aired. Further debates saw the narrowing down of this group to specific religious online forums, the first of which to emerge being â€Å"net.religion.jewish†. Newer advents of technology saw the creation of both newer and more precise forums and also better and faster ways of furthering these religious debates such as bulletin board systems (BBS), multi-user object oriented (MOO), multi-user dimension (MUD), and internet relay chat (IRC) rooms. Through standardization, regulation and setting of â€Å"rules of engagement† within the various forums, these computer-supported groups automatically qualified as communities, or more precisely, virtual communities. Campbell concurs with a definition, of virtual community, by Rheingold, that virtual communities are social aggregations emerging from internet forums when enough people carry on discussions with human feeling to form networks of personal relationships online. The evolution of Christian community online did not stop at the web groups and discussion forums for specific religions, in the mid – 1990s, cyber-churches and cyber-temples emerged as websites exclusively providing online worship services to their respective target groups (Stower, 2001). The argument behind this unique move was that the internet provides a forum for revolution, similar to the protestant wave, to reform and reinvent the ways in which faith and values are practiced and people communicate wit h each other and with God. The understanding was that people do not have to physically meet to practice their religious values and that computer networks provide social networks within which people can meet face-to-face, but virtually, within the computer network (Dawson 15). The study of religious community online critically began in early 1990s when scholars started paying attention more attention to issues of technology being used to congregate online, the types of discussions and practices. Two researchers,